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Elk Island National Park annually conducts an aerial census of bison populations of the entire park, as well as opportunistically surveying herd composition. Bison population data is in the same database as elk and moose populations.

Elk are by far the dominant ungulate in
Waterton Lakes Naitonal Park, with a
population large enough to influence
park ecosystems, particularly in the
montane and aspen parkland ecoregions. As important grazers, they help to
maintain grassland health by preventing
woody plant encroachment, but overgrazing
will cause grassland health to
deteriorate. In Waterton Lakes National
Park, aerial elk surveys (Figure 1) have
been conducted since the early 1970s. The winter elk population census is conducted by means of an aerial or ground survey, in which a complete minimum population count is calculated, with the goal of detecting change over time.

This data breaks down bull elk, cow elk and total harvest numbers by: * elk harvest area * calendar year Harvest numbers are based on mandatory reports received from elk tag holders. These are absolute numbers and are not statistically projected as with the bear, deer, and moose hunting activity and harvest estimates.

Elk abundance and population composition are assessed annually during an aerial survey conducted between mid-January and mid-February. The elk population composition is measured annually in a classified aerial count held in late Fall.

Elk (Cervus canadensis) are generally considered a keystone species across a variety of landscapes. Elk (C. canandenis nelsoni) in Jasper National Park is one of four extant subspecies of elk occurring in North America. They are an important wildlife component in the Park regarding the management of human-wildlife conflict and understanding caribou/wolf population dynamics. Data are collected every year by roadside surveys across the Park to help estimate recruitment.

Elk (Cervus canadensis) are generally considered a keystone species across a variety of landscapes. Elk (C. canandenis nelsoni) in Jasper National Park is one of four extant subspecies of elk occurring in North America. They are an important wildlife component in the Park regarding the management of human-wildlife conflict and understanding caribou/wolf population dynamics. Every five years, data are collected by aerial surveys over set transects across the Park to estimate population size and composition and inform management activities.

The Elk Island National Park annually monitors the change in amphibian occupancy by using call counts, including data collected by citizen scientists.

Elk Island National Park measures beaver abundance and distribution every three years in the fall using aerial surveys to count beaver food caches.

The Elk Island National Park monitors the lake water quality annually in two lakes by measuring parameters such as: nutrients, heavy metals, major ions, physical characteristics, and pollutants/contaminants.

Intensive tree cutting and certain silvicultural practices carried out around La Mauricie National Park have fragmented moose forest habitat. In addition, the eastern wolf plays a key role in moose population dynamics in the park. In view of the forest habitat disturbances, sometimes harsh weather conditions, aging of the park's vegetation, the effects of peripheral hunting and the probable influence of other factors, it is essential to monitor changes in moose and wolf populations. Wolf populations and packs will be tracked using a camera device, winter monitoring of trails on an established route and observations gathered by employees and the general public.